Definition and Examples of Lexicogrammar

Lexicogrammar is a term used in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) to emphasize the interdependence of--and continuity between--vocabulary (lexis) and syntax (grammar). The term lexicogrammar (literally, lexicon plus grammar) was introduced by linguist M.A.K. Halliday. Adjective: lexicogrammatical. Also, called lexical grammar. The advent of corpus linguistics, notes Michael Pearce, has made the identification of lexicogrammatical patterns much easier than it once was (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). Examples and Observations Vocabulary and grammatical structures are interdependent; so much so that it is possible to say with some justification that words have their own grammar. This interdependency of lexis and grammar is evident everywhere in language. For example, lexical verbs have valency patterns: some verbs can be used with a direct object (I made some oven gloves), or with both a direct object and an indirect object (The government awarded them a pay rise), others need no object at all (The Colonel was laughing).  (Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007)The heart of language is the abstract level of coding that is the lexicogrammar. (I see no reason why we should not retain the term grammar in this, its traditional sense; the purpose of introducing the more cumbersome term lexicogrammar is simply to make explicit the point that vocabulary is also a part of it, along with syntax and morphology).  (M.A.K. Halliday, Systemic Background, 1985. On Langu age and Linguistics. Continuum, 2003)[A]ccording to systemic functional theory, lexicogrammar is diversified into a metafunctional spectrum, extended in delicacy from grammar to lexis, and ordered into a series of ranked units.  (M.A.K. Halliday, Hallidays Introduction to Functional Grammar, 4th ed., revised by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. Routledge, 2013)[L]exico-grammar is now very fashionable, but it does not integrate the two types of pattern as its name might suggest--it is fundamentally grammar with a certain amount of attention to lexical patterns within the grammatical frameworks; it is not in any sense an attempt to build together a grammar and lexis on an equal basis...Lexico-grammar is still firmly a kind of grammar, laced, or perhaps spiked with some lexis. (John Sinclair, Trust the Text: Language, Corpus and Discourse, edited with Ronald Carter. Routledge, 2004) Lexicogrammar and Semantics Just as lexis and grammar are considered to form a single stratum, Halliday considers that the lexicogrammar is not a separate system or module apart from semantics, but is rather an underlying component of the meaning-making system of a language. The stratum of semantics is thus not thought of as an abstract or logical structure, but rather as the medium through which humans use language to interact in their social and cultural context. A consequence of this is that the language, and in particular the lexicogrammar, is structured by the expressive and communicative functions it has evolved to convey.   (Christopher Gledhill, A Lexicogrammar Approach to Checking Quality: Looking at One or Two Cases of Comparative Translation. Perspectives on Translation Quality, ed. by Ilse Depraetere. Walter de Gruyter, 2011) Lexicogrammar and Corpus Linguistics Generalizations on the structure of language tell us little about how people actually use the language, and consequently how a language really is. The patterns of structural and lexical behaviour are not revealed by the linguists introspection or from a few examples chosen to fit the pattern. This is the conclusion that increasingly is being drawn from a growing body of linguistic research on large computer corpora or databases. It is only when we come to investigate a language from samples of millions of words of running text that we can really begin to understand how words and structures behave and interact...A theory of language or a model of a particular language . . . has to account for use as attested by corpus linguistic research. If such a theory purports to give rise to language description, it must have the potential to incorporate the vagaries and idiosyncrasies of lexicogrammatical behaviour and the cryptotypical phenomena which are uncovered by the observation of languag e use on a significantly larger scale.  (Gordon H. Tucker, The Lexicogrammar of Adjectives: A Systemic Functional Approach to Lexis. Continuum, 1998) Alternate Spellings: lexico-grammar

The Media Lies Effects of the Media on Body Image Essay

The Media Lies: Effects of the Media on Body Image Recent studies have shown that approximately 75 percent of adolescent females wish to be thinner and over 35 percent of them resort to drastic extremes to achieve the new â€Å"thin ideal.† (Body Dissatisfaction in Early Adolescent Girls) Today in our culture, this ideal of body image is portrayed in every aspect of our lives. We see a representation of attractive, extremely thin women in magazines, television shows, movies, commercials, etc. The new body image, which today is described as being perfect, is a new, unrealistic standard of skinny. This type of representation presented by the media compels female adolescents to view themselves in negative ways which results in eating disorders,†¦show more content†¦It typically starts with body dissatisfaction or low self-esteem. Body dissatisfaction, the feeling that people may have that their actual physical appearance isn’t how they prefer to look or how societ y prefers they look, is often caused by the portrayal of body image by the media. Grabe, Hyde, and Ward explain â€Å"that approximately 50% of girls and undergraduate women experience body dissatisfaction (2008).† (Effects of the Media on Body Image) Not only does body dissatisfaction typically place girls in a great risk for developing an eating disorder, but it has also been linked to critical mental and physical health problems. The media’s consistent portrayal of the new â€Å"thin ideal† influences adolescent females in such a negative and degrading way that it’s taking a strong tole on the beautiful, young girls in our society. When people think of the new body image, we automatically think models. Well, yes, models are a major factor in the body image persona, but it’s not just models. The media broadcasts the â€Å"thin ideal† in every possible way that we can think of. Researchers have found that the ongoing exposure to the â€Å" thin ideal† can shape and distort adolescent female’s perceptions of beauty, particularly in television media. Take the movie Cinderella for example. Cinderella is portrayed as a beautiful, thin, feminine female while her â€Å"ugly† stepsisters are shown as short, overweight and masculine. However, it is not justShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Susan Bordo s Globalization Of Eating Disorders 993 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect body.† However, today we find that many individuals are doing the completely opposite. In Susan Bordo’s, â€Å"Globalization of Eating Disorders† essay, they fall into the media trap, the self-image trap, where they are concerned of what people may think about them. Americans nowadays have pageants, modeling, and media to thank for this absurd notion. Fit women, along with strong men give this motivation to others to want to be like them. Most people should be comfortable with their own bodies. AmericansRead MoreMedia Negativ ely Affects The Self Esteem And Body Image Of Young Girls861 Words   |  4 Pages The media negatively affects the self-esteem and body image of young girls. The media is known for broadcasting thin models and not taking into consideration the affect that it could have on millions of young women. When young girls see thin models that they aspire to be on TV increases their concerns about their bodies and that causes young girls to develop eating disorders, such as excessive dieting, bulimia and anorexia. It is very vital for every young girl to feel comfortable in her own skinRead MoreMass Media Effects on Women1721 Words   |  7 Pages Mass media Effects on women Advertisement put adverse impact on women’s these could be internal or external. Internally when women watch ideal or thin images of models in advertisement then they feel very unattractive compare to the models in commercials. They feel lower self-esteem and self-concept in them and it generates anxiety or depression in women. According to article† negative body image is associated with poor self-esteem, anxiety about socialRead MoreEssay on Fascades of Current Society1087 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout history women, men, and children have all felt the pressures and manipulations by the media through some faà §ade style form or shape. A Faà §ade by definition is a false, superficial, or artificial appearance or effect, which is primarily imposed or placed on an object, group, or even individual. Through the use of words, deliberate images, and material items advertised within society, as a result have become pressures felt by all types of individuals. Many of theseRead MoreBeauty and the Beast...of Media1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Beast...of Media Media is everywhere we turn. It’s displayed on billboards, commercials, Facebook, Twitter and Youtube. It influences people to purchase certain things or even vote for a certain presidential candidate. Media tells us who we are and who we should be. Although media has its positive effects, like spreading the latest news quickly, it also has many downfalls for teenagers, specifically teenage girls, who are hounded with a stream of media related to body image. Today most womenRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the media. It’s because the media promotes a certain body image as being beautiful, and it’s a far cry from the average woman’s size 12 . The media may be great for entertainment but it also has the power to destroyRead MoreA Culture Of Perfection : Media s Influence On Adolescents1362 Words   |  6 Pagesin us from a very young age. The body images promoted by the media implant an unrealistic view of what is â€Å"beautiful† and perpetuate eating disorders, low-self esteem, and depression among adolescents, especially females. Young girls are being raised in a society that tells them they are â€Å"not enough†. They are not thin enough, beautiful enough, sexy enough, or feminine enough to deserve the title â€Å"woman†. It is time to put a stop to media’s manipulation and lies. Adolescence is a very transformativeRead MoreThe Media s Effect On Women s Body Image967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media s Effect on Women s Body Image We live in a body-obsessed culture.  Women feel pressured to have the perfect bodies, and we believe so many lies about what a perfect body is from the media. Women are today influenced by images that we see in the media, and sometimes the influence is so great that we risk our lives trying to portray what we see. Across the board throughout different civilizations, there have been so many distortions of what the perfect body looks like placed in ourRead MoreImproperly Redefining ‚Äà ºBeautiful‚Äà ¹: Social Media‚Äà ´s Profound Effect on Body Image1483 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Emily Muhlberg ENGL 112 Dr. Delony March 4, 2014 Improperly Redefining â€Å"Beautiful†: Social Media’s Profound Effect on Body Image The effects that social media outlets such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have on their viewers are widely varied, but in my opinion the most impactful message that viewers take away from their social media use is the proposed definition of what is â€Å"beautiful†. People are highly moldable beings who soak up what they are surrounded by, so it makes sense that aRead MoreArticle Analysis : Killing Us Softly1423 Words   |  6 PagesFilms, graphically and effectively depicts the harm caused by modern day media and advertisements. I was personally affected by this movie, for Jean Kilbourne paints a vivid picture of how advertisement influence individuals perceptions of themselves and the world around them. Kilbourne describes how current advertisements present one type of women; tall, Caucasian, and almost always very skinny. This portrayal of beauty in media and in the fashion industry has set unrealistic expectations for young

Nike Marketing Communications Plan free essay sample

Nike + iPod [pic] Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Introduction Nike is a seller of athletic footwear and apparel with retail stores and distributors in over 160 countries around the world. Nike creates goods for a wide range of sports, and so they have competition from every sports brand there is, like Reebok and Adidas. With revenue of $15 billion in 2006 and the largest market share in the footwear industry, Nike, Inc. (Nike) is the leading company in the sports and fitness industry. Our Product (Nike+iPod)Nike and Apple formed branding alliances, hoping to utilize each other’s popularity and reputation to increase the sales of their own products. (Proudfoot, 2006) The first product launched by the companies is Nike+ iPod Sport Kit (Sport Kit), which is a wireless system that allows certain designated Nike shoes, Nike+, to send data to an iPod Nano. As the users begin exercising, information on time, distance, calories burned and pace is stored on the Nano (Mossberg Boehret, 2006). This co-branding effort generates several benefits for both parties.Firstly, this ground-breaking product will reinforce each company’s image as innovative and increase their brand equity. Also, the Sport Kit can invigorate and stimulate sales in the mature market for both companies (Anonymous, 2006). This report is a strategy statement that offers a general overview on the dynamics of the industry regarding Nike + iPod’s target market, positioning, competition, SWOT analysis, big idea, and the media used to assist the company increase its’ market share and sales through the product of Nike+ iPod Sport Kit and Nike+ shoes by the end of 2008.Purpose Our campaign is designed to announce the launch of our new product Nike+iPod (Sport Kit), which is a wireless system that allows certain designated Nike shoes, Nike+, to send data to an iPod Nano. Nike is committed to bring inspiration and innovation to athletes. It positions itself as having cutting-edge technology while enhancing athlete’s competitiveness. Target Market The current target market for the product Nike + iPod are elite runners, who are more likely to purchase shoes from the running brand, such as New Balance and Asics.Therefore, it is a narrow target market, in which Nike may confront barriers as most of its sales are generated from the general sports market instead of professional athletes. Therefore, the current target segment is not large enough to generate sales or potential future growth. As a result, we believe that the current target segment of elite runners should be redefined and expanded to include sport fashionistas, technology savvy footwear customers, and people who are interested in sports in general. This would make the product appeal to a broader general public and increase sales potential.This new target market would be defined as sportive adolescents to early boomers of both genders living in the Unit ed Arab Emirates, who love music and love anything that incorporates music into their daily life. These people’s new best friend is their iPod; they carry it with them everywhere, love to escape boredom by listening to music. They love to show off their gizmos. They are laidback and like to look or be â€Å"cool† and have a great outlook for what is â€Å"in style†. These people watch MTV and are up to date with the charts and read teen magazines (for females) and sport magazines (males).Product Positioning Due to the size and diversity of the products, the company deals with; Nike has to rely on various marketing strategies. Much of initial Nike success was due to local grass-roots marketing. Nike uses differentiated marketing for majority of the product ranges. This marketing strategy provides for products that have like-for-like products provided by competitors such as Adidas and Reebok. These market segments have substantially matured, due to which Nike does not need to focus on positioning these products in innovative and newer ways.Niche marketing is applied to certain product categories and geographic segments. Niche is specifically used when new product ranges are introduced. Nike has created a handful of tightly focused collections of shoes, apparel, and accessories, each targeted to a unique consumer segment and attitude. Some of Nike’s original collections were Force, Flight, Jordan, Air Raid, Challenge Court, and Supreme Court. Each collection had its own design, pricing, promotion and advertising strategy, but was connected to Nike and its brand values. (Nike+ iPod positioning):The target market is oblivious to the new advances Apple has built-in to the new Nike Shoe, for there has been no efficient marketing effort to promote the shoe or build awareness around it. This is a new technology that no other sports/apparel industry has tackled before which created a big opportunity for increasing sales for Nike Middle East. Nike already accumulated revenue of $15 billion in 2006 and has the largest market share in the footwear industry, so it is indisputable that a technological advance like this would result in a stream of its’ market’s attention.The target market is indeed brand loyal, and are extrinsic value buyers who focus more on the product’s attributes and the solution a particular product can provide. Also, considering that the majority of the target (adolescents to early boomers in the UAE) have secured jobs and live in middle-to-high class, are not necessarily price aware. Message Strategy As mentioned pr eviously, Nike is a seller of athletic footwear and apparel. By delivering our message using a cognitive approach, our message will convey the attributes that our product can provide as well as impacting our consumers’ buyers decision process. In addition, with the presence of many competitors in the market, it is in our best interest to focus on the experience for Nike+, including the software that supports data transfer from iTunes to the nikeplus. com site. A sensor in Nike+ running shoes tracks data and transmits it to a runner’s iPod, which is automatically uploaded to nikeplus. com when the iPod is synched. Runs in the real world then become meaningful assets in the digital world, allowing runners to compare runs, track their progress, set and manage goals, and issue individual or team challenges to other Nike+ runners around the world.Nike+ is reinventing running by revolutionizing how a brand reaches its audience through meaningful personal experiences, invaluable data brought to life online, and brand-enhancing two-way communication. Campaign Objectives †¢ Increasing market share and sales through the product of Nike+ iPod Sport Kit and Nike+ shoes by the end of 2008. †¢ Increase awareness of the new launch of product (Nike+) in the UAE end of October 2008. †¢ Build a fun music-filled (Nike) brand perception by incorporating dance and music into sports. †¢ Drive the target audience’s attention towards the brand’s (Nike) technological development and support of new trends. Note: The key issues faced by Nike in marketing this product are narrow target segment and inappropriate buzz promotional strategy, therefore, we find a potential opportunity in the creation of this campaign. Competition With Adidas as Nike’s biggest competitor, the merger of Adidas and Reebok in January 2006 has significantly strengthened Adidas presence in the US. The acquisition has made Adidas now holding a market share of 22% in the US shoe industry compared to Nike’s 36%. Nike is now facing a tough competition in maintaining its position as the industry leader. Moreover, as Nike would have loyal customers, there are also people who are brand loyal to other competitors’ brands such as Adidas or New Balance. It will be hard for Nike to attract and gain these customers in expanding its market share. Lastly, there is the rapid change in technology. This trend has asserted further pressure for Nike to be innovative because in the athletic apparel and footwear industry, advances in technology can help a brand gain and retain new customers. If Nike’s research and development does not keep up with this trend, it might run the risks of losing the brands image and sales volume.Competition Positioning One of the major rivals for Nike is the German-based Adidas AG, which has the second largest market share of the athletic footwear industry in the US market (Anonymous, 2006). In fall 2006, Adidas has launched a complete integrated training system for runners in partnership with Polar Electro called Project Fusion. The system integrates Adidas adiStar Fusion apparel and shoes with Polar’s running computer products. As a result, the system enables the runners to have instant feedback and monitoring of heart rate and other information. This poses a significant threat to the Sports kit.However, the Adidas Project Fusion cost more than the Sports Kit. The whole set of system price at a range of 660 dollars and above whereas Sports Kit set costs around 300 to 500 dollars. Strengths/ Weaknesses (What are the strengths/weaknesses of the product The competition? ) Strengths One of the major strength is Nike’s strong brand image in innovation and technological advancement. The newly launched Sports Kit would help Nike in gaining more reputation as a pioneer of developing cutting-edge technology. Secondly, Nike has a large scale of expansion in the worldwide market.As of fiscal year 2005, Nike has a presence in over 160 countries and operates 370 retail stores (Anonymous, 2006). Moreover, with Nike’s strong brand image, many of the customers are brand loyal to Nike. These loyal customers are more willing to adopt Nike’s new products and are more often engaged in repetitive purchase. Lastly, the introduction of the Sport Kit also brings convenience and a new experience of running to the consumers. People are now able to have an analysis of their workout regardless of where they want to exercise. Weakness Since 1996, Nike has been accused of labor abuse in Vietnam and other Asian countries (Nguyen, 1997). Although Nike has taken actions in dealing with these accusations, Nike’s brand and corporate image have suffered. Some customers may refuse to purchase Nike’s products due to its malpractice from manufacturing, and there are also campaigns that gather people to boycott Nike in tempering Nike’s sales and brand image. Moreover, the Sport Kit has the weaknesses of limited functionality and low profit margin which hinders the potential for product growth. The kit has no measurement of heart rate, and problems of accuracy and irreplaceable batteries.The manufacturing cost of a 30 dollars kit is around 7 dollars, so the profit margin is 20 dollars per unit (Carey, 2006). This profit margin is far lower than selling a pair of Nike shoes which usually have a price range of at least 100 dollars. The â€Å"Big Idea† The big idea of the campaign is to use the force of the media to create a fresh Nike universe that infuses the world of sports and the world of music t ogether. This will be achieved by using a raw and edgy tone to fit the new technological side of the product, as well as a comedic twist that the audience is sure to appreciate.The tagline of the whole campaign will be â€Å"Nike+: Tune into your steps† which translates as a metaphorical statement for the capabilities of the new Nike+ shoe. Why will the ‘big idea’ achieve the objects? Because it is a new product, it is important to grab the attention of the audience using humor and also focusing on the instructions for using the shoes and showing the iPod with the shoes because of its’ new launch along with the catchphrase to let the title grab the audience’s desire to know more. Media StrategyIn order to increase awareness of the new launch of the product (Nike+) in the UAE, it is essential to choose media vehicles that best represent our product. The media that will be used to advertise for our product will consist of: †¢ Television †¢ Out door à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Magazines †¢ Cinema projection: †¢ Radio †¢ Internet Television: The age of the audience we’re targeting is 18-25; therefore we will be advertising our product in the channels that are mostly viewed by our target. We will use MBC 2, MBC 4and Dubai one TV.Since our product is combining the worlds of music and sports together, we chose to advertise in melody Arabia, and also in sports channels such as Al-Jazeera Sports and Extreme sports channels. The channels we chose are both Arabic and English channels which will allow us to reach our target audience (people in the UAE) who are from a diverse nationalities. Outdoor: We chose to use outdoor advertising as it is one of the most effective media vehicles. Outdoor advertising cuts through the clutter and in most cases grab people’s attention. In addition, it is cost efficient because of its high frequency.We will place our billboards of our product Nike+iPod in places with high level of congestion sheikh Zaid, Garhoud bridge and Maktoum bridge. Moreover, we decided to place lamp posts in Jumeriah and in bus stops. Magazines: We are going to place our ads in magazines that are read by our target audience, after doing researches and surveys we found that the most appropriate magazines for our product would be Super magazine, PC magazine and AHLAN magazine. Cinema projection: Cinema projection is a non-traditional and an interesting vehicle that we decided to use as a part of our campaign as it will strengthen our campaign.

Comparative Education on Business Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Education on Business Strategy. Answer: Introduction The study of the organizational culture of any organization is a complex undertaking because every organization has its own unique culture different from others. For instance, the way employees respond to any change can vary from organization to organization, the structure of organizations may not be similar, among many other differences. The organizational culture, therefore, is everything that involves an organization, from how it is structured to, its corporate social responsibility. Change, on the other hand, is a way of adopting a different culture that did not exist within an organization (Brooksbank, 2011). Change in an organizational set up is accepted either to be practiced or rejected through resistance. When thinking about change in an organization, the management must get ready to face challenges that may come alongside such changes. Organizational culture involves a number of events occurring in an organization in relation to how such organization responds to its own emp loyees and the entire society within which it operates. Change management simply means the transition of companies, people, groups, projects etc., from one form to another. It is important to note that in the Meck Insurance Company, this process of change has some alterations that may be allowed in to be used such as operations, finances, promotions or even other aspects of business management. These changes are generally meant to enable the organization or the company to achieve its goals or objectives. However, if such changes do not benefit the organization as a whole, resistance begins to prevail and the changes may be dropped accordingly. In addition, the change management is also intended to help the organization focus and remain within its budget that would be expected to bring higher returns and to enable the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. It is important to note that people of different carders run organizations and they have to work as a team in order to achieve the objectives of the organization. Managers sim ply want their organizations to be exemplary among the best performing among their competitors. They, therefore, will always strive to initiate changes that would lead them to the realization of the goals of the organization and to perform better in the world of business. However, accepting changes the way they are and immediately may sometimes turn to be a tall order. If changes, cannot be adopted as expected by the managers, they begin to find challenges, which, sometimes may need time to come clear to the minds of the employees and other stakeholders (Phelps, 2012). If a scenario, where other stakeholders feel they do not want to adopt the changes, the management would be forced to devise ways that they will use to convince them to accept the changes. Every organization has its unique culture, which may be different from other organizational cultures. It is worth noting that different organizations have different ways of recruiting, hiring, and retaining employees. Additionally, different organizations have their own ways of relating to the society, and how they handle their customers. Concisely, the organizational culture serves as the blueprint of the organization as a whole. However in Meck Insurance Company, there are a number of organizational changes, that come as time progresses and they may be adopted or declined. These changes are subject to discussions by the concerned parties before they are allowed in to be applied in the organization (Nash, 2015). However, if the people championing such changes are dictators, they may not allow discussions and would force such changes on employees and wait for the impacts they would yield. Many changes may face serious resistance and others may not meet any resistance at all. In the c ase where there is no resistance to the changes, the process of adopting new organizational culture be faster thereby making the transition period shorter (Phillips, 2011). On the other hand, it would cause more problems if there were a resistance to such changes. One of the areas that have realized many constant changes like in Meck Insurance Company is technology. Technological changes are being realized almost every day, and old organizations like the Meck Insurance with old employees, are finding it hard to accept, adopt and embrace these changes. Sometimes, the process of adopting and finally embracing the changes take quite long. Funny enough, sometimes it forces the management to include some young minds in the workforce to help them understand the technology (Loudenback, Kelley, 2013). Unfortunately, sometimes it forces the managers to drop issues to do with technological changes or move at an extremely very slow pace in implementing such changes because of the adamant or slowly reacting employees. However, there are bundles of benefits that come along with the technological changes, like main the work easier and cutting in the cost of labor, other organizations may be forced to ignore these benefits or explore them in future. Finally, organizational culture and change play an important role in understanding the organizations and their environment, including their perception of changes that may occur. The management, therefore, has a responsibility to see to it that any change expected to take place in the organization is communicated to the stakeholders in good time and good explanation about the changes is given to employees (Jenster, Hover, 2014). The gap between the employees and the management in the context of organizational culture and the changes should be properly bridged as to ensure that each stakeholder is brought to the board so that each person gives his or her side of the story about the changes. Theories and models of organizational change management The process of managing change is a complex undertaking that requires a clear mind. It is important not to implement change strategies that are irrelevant to the main objectives of an organization. The management of organizations should ensure that the change strategies are focusing on a suitable plan of action that is intended to be attained by the organization (Peter, Olson, 2010). Change management is a complex process that needs expertise, finance, and a commitment to start and run. It calls for the total commitment of every stakeholder in the organization, but the members of such an organization must be ready for some effects brought about by the changes. These effects may be negative or positive impacts. Therefore, it is necessary for the management to understand clearly what they need the change to do, the impacts it will have on the employees, and how the changes will be advantageous to the institution. The theories of change management revolve around the psychological aspec t of human being, business set-up, and engineering (Cadogan, 2009). This is the reason why some models are derived from an organizational background while others are thought as having their foundation on individual behavior. Therefore, the organizational change management can be profiled into two types, for example, the individual change management and the organizational change management. Several theories have been adopted to help us understand the change management in depth. These theories look at the fundamental aspects in which management and change occurring in organizations is founded. Kurt Lewin, who explained that change process is divided into three stages, described the individual change management. The initial stage being the level known as unfreezing (Bharathi, 2016). It involves undoing and disorienting the forces that exist in the mind of a human being. At this stage, the defense mechanism has to be bypassed in order to disorient the mindset. In organizations, there must be anti-change mind-set and pro-change individuals, therefore, their defense mechanisms have to be broken in order to see the changes succeed. In doing this, there is always resistance to such changes but persistence is required to enable changes to go through (Jain Jain, 2012). The second stage is the where the change now occurs. This stage is characterized by a lot of confusion and tra nsition to the next level. We can also admit that at this stage, we are required to alter the old methods but we still lack what to replace the old methods (Desa and Basu, 2013). The last stage is called the refreezing stage. This level sees the new mindset as now coming to terms with the changes and an individual comfort level is coming back to the previous state. However, other psychologists argue that this three-stage model oversimplified the change management and they claim that this model focuses more on physics than on the behavioral science of human being. The individual three-stage change management is also described by Hughes as a way of exiting from an original state, where new things are adopted to replace old methods. Other researchers, Tannenbaum and Hanna suggested a change procedure where there is a move from homeostasis and clinging on through diminishing and allowing it go to rebirth and moving on. Post invented the model by ADKAR for individual change management after a research he carried out in 1000 organizations from close to 60 nations (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2001). His model looked at five areas that form the fundamental building blocks for change management. The five areas help an individual realize successful change management in an organization. According to him, the five fundamental building blocks include awareness- to represent the reasons why change is required, desire-to represent the support and participate in the change, and knowledge of how to change is equally important in the process of change management. Further, he described ability as a fourth area that is viewed as for the implementation of new skills and behaviors (Hopkins, 2013). Lastly, the final fundamental building block of change management according to ADKAR is reinforcement, which is adapted to make sure that the change is sustained as long as it is benefiting the organization. Organizational change management The organizational change management involves processes and tools for the management of people at the focus of an organization level. In an organization, there must be structures and different approaches to any change that the members of the institution are required to adopt. Such tools and structures are meant to ensure an effective transition of employees or the organization as a whole through the change process. The organizational culture, therefore, is everything that involves an organization, from how it is structured to its corporate social responsibility. Change, on the other hand, is a way of adopting a different culture that did not exist within an organization (Ferrell, 2016). Change in an organizational set up is accepted either to be practiced or rejected through resistance. When thinking about change in an organization, the management must get ready to face challenges that may come alongside such changes. Organizational culture involves a number of events occurring in an organization in relation to how such organization responds to its own employees and the entire society within which it operates. It is the responsibility of the management to explore and detect changes in the entire business environment. This will help the management to come up with changes that that can be initiated in the form of programs. It is thus necessary for the management to be aware of the effects of any change before it is initiated in the organization and on the employees as well. It is important to know the impact of the changes on the employees behaviors, work procedures, technology, and motivational aspects (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2008). The management must critically evaluate and review the reaction the employees will have before they talk about any change program that will provide to employees as they move through the process of giving in to the change. The change program is finally expected to be inseminated and implementation is done throughout the organization. After successful insemination and implementation, the program should be evaluated for effectiveness and adjustments did where nece ssary. It is worth noting that different organizations have different ways of recruiting, hiring, and retaining employees. Additionally, different organizations have their own ways of relating to the society, and how they handle their customers. Concisely, the organizational culture serves as the blueprint of the organization as a whole. However, there are a number of organizational changes, that come as time progresses and they may be adopted or declined. These changes are subject to discussions by the concerned parties before they are allowed in to be applied in the organization (Chisnall, 2012). However, if the people championing such changes are dictators, they may not allow discussions and would force such changes on employees and wait for the impacts they would yield. Many changes may face serious resistance and others may not meet any resistance at all. In the case where there is no resistance to the changes, the process of adopting new organizational culture be faster thereby making the transition period shorter. On the other hand, it would cause more problems if there is a resistance to such changes. Technological changes are being realized almost every day, and old organizations with old employees are finding it hard to accept, adopt and embrace these changes (Andrews Russell, 2012). Sometimes, the process of adopting and finally embracing the changes take quite long. Funny enough, sometimes it forces the management to include some young minds in the workforce to help them understand the technology. Recommendations in relation to cultural change management. Unfortunately, sometimes it forces the managers to drop issues to do with technological changes or move at an extremely very slow pace in implementing such changes because of the adamant or slowly reacting employees. However, there are bundles of benefits that come along with the technological changes, like main the work easier and cutting in the cost of labor, other organizations may be forced to ignore these benefits or explore them in future. Finally, organizational culture and change play an important role in understanding the organizations and their environment, including their perception of changes that may occur. The management, therefore, has a responsibility to see to it that any change expected to take place in the organization is communicated to the stakeholders in good time and good explanation about the changes is given to employees (Doole, Lowe, Kenyon, 2016). Resistance is a common practice in many organizations, but is recommended that the management should be in a p osition to explain to the rest of the employees the benefits of adopting changes so that a lot of resistance and an unnecessary tension, which may be detrimental to the well-being of an organization, can be lowered at the implementation stage. Conclusion Change management is a key aspect of every organization and the management is sometimes put to task to implement programs that are neither beneficial to the organization nor to the society. It is therefore important that the management scan thoroughly to ensure that changes that need to be adopted by their organizations are the ones that are really in need. This will again give them an opportunity to study understand the change before it is allowed to take effect. As have been explained in the essay, Meck Insurance employees should be fully involved in the whole process so that any unnecessary opposition and doubt is removed. However, many changes go a long way in helping the organization achieve their set objectives or goals, therefore the process should be given ample time to finish its cycle. During this time, the stakeholders can find enough time to scrutinize the change, make recommendations, and necessary adjustments. References Andrews Russell. (2012). Organizational culture: strategy, evaluation, and Impact. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 2(1), pp.33-44. Bharathi, A. (2016). Business strategy. Higher Learning Research on Management, 6(4). Brooksbank, R. (2011). Business Management and Ethics. Management Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2001). Behavioral approaches to Business Management. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Desa, G. and Basu, S. (2013). International Business Management Principles. Strategic Environmental Journal, 7(1), pp.26-49. Cadogan, J. (2009). Business management and change. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Chisnall, P. (2012). Education and organizational management: Systematic business management. Long Range Planning, 13(1), 99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (80)90070-9 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2008). Behavioral approaches to learning Strategy implementation. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Doole, I., Lowe, R., Kenyon, A. (2016). International education policies on Organizational management strategy. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Ferrell, O. (2016). Business Development and Learning. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. Hopkins, D. (2013). New emphases in business administration, culture, and change. Business Management, 6(6), 410-419. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(77)90003 Jain, S., Jain, S. (2012). Business management evaluation. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia. Jenster, P., Hover, D. (2014). How to focus on management principles to serve change. Planning Review, 20(4), 32-36. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb054365 Loudenback, L., Kelley, E. (2013). Comparative Education on business strategy. Journal of Education, 36(4), 113. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1250442 Nash, E. (2015). International Education Principles of Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Peter, J., Olson, J. (2010). Native Education in Management and Organizational Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Phelps, E. (2012). Education Policies. Industrial Development and business ethics, 10(4), 307-309. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501 (81)90042-0 Phillips, D. (2011). Business management issues: Where Business and Culture meet. Journal Business Education, 11(5), 13-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb060080

Movie Review Beyond the Nuclear Family

Today, the role and form of a modern family are the most discussed questions. In spite of the fact a family remains to be an important social institution, the associated aspects and norms are changed significantly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: Beyond the Nuclear Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such issues as the definition of family, family structures and roles, influential factors for changing families, and the family of the future are discussed in Beyond the Nuclear Family directed by Suzi Taylor (Beyond the Nuclear Family, 2008). These questions need to be discussed because the vision of the modern family differs much from the stereotypical vision of a conventional family. According to the ideas presented in the movie, family structures are diverse, and it is almost impossible to define the modern family. From this point, a family can be discussed as the unity of people living together who are connected basing on their shared values and beliefs and the ancestral background; and today it is not always a heterosexual couple with children which serves as the example of the traditional family. The movie focuses on the discussion of the problem of norm and conventionality in relation to family. Thus, a modern family cannot be discussed from the perspective of these concepts because there are no limits in the variety of the modern family forms. Heterosexual and homosexual couples with or without children as well as single-parent families are the present-day norm, although several decades ago these forms of families were unaccepted, and these family relations were discriminated. The members of the families discussed in the movie state that the family structure does not matter, if there is support, love, unity, and comfortable atmosphere (Beyond the Nuclear Family, 2008). Concentrating on the factors which influence the changes in families and roles, it is necessary to p ay attention to the changes of the female roles, active participation of women in the workforce, birth control, and decline of religion. The authors of the movie emphasize the fact that women were housewives and performed the child-rearing role during the 1950s, but then women became to participate actively in the social life while working and doing housework (Beyond the Nuclear Family, 2008). This situation contributed to declining the fertility rates because of the unfriendly working environments. Today, many women choose career instead of motherhood or try to combine all the social functions. The women’s choice is based on their desire, but not on the definite social norms and stereotypes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A lot of social changes and technological innovations such as feminist movements, birth control methods, and IVF techniques along with the increased so cial tolerance towards same-sex, single-parent, or childless families led to the significant changes in the vision of the family and provided the opportunities to choose the family life according to the individual needs and desires, without references to religion or prejudice. Although the family of the future depends on the ideas of diversity and flexibility, the basic principles of family remain to be unchanged. Thus, family is the community of people who provide support, respect, and love for each other. However, it is the individual right to choose the age of creating a family or planning a child. The main ideas presented in Beyond the Nuclear Family support the opinion that a modern family is free from stereotypes, and it is more flexible in comparison with the conventional family typical for the 1950s. The structures and roles are changed, but more possibilities to satisfy the individual needs exist now with references to the right to choose. Reference Beyond the Nuclear Famil y. (2008). Web. This essay on Movie Review: Beyond the Nuclear Family was written and submitted by user Rylee Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Third Man (1949) Essays

The Third Man (1949) Essays The Third Man (1949) Paper The Third Man (1949) Paper Essay Topic: Film In this film extract analysis I will be looking at Carol Reeds The Third Man. I will be looking at certain points and aspects of studding this opening extract and I have split this essay up into sections discussing different aspects of the extract and I will compare and contrast throughout. The first thing that strikes me about this film is the opening narration by a happy friendly voice immediately letting the audience feel at ease and comfortable before settling into watching the film, the narrator starts by talking about how he never knew Vienna before the war and that he only got to know it during the period where the classic black market was apparent. By the narrator talking about this before going on to tell us the story he has already made a link with the audience. Then the narrator goes on to describe the situation and why Holly Martins (Joseph Cotton) is arriving in Vienna. That is all the narrator does in the extract but it is a very important part in creating meaning in the film because in the first couple of minutes he has made a connection with the audience making them feel at ease and has explained a part of the situation that we have not seen (Martins leaving and coming to Vienna). The narrator can tell the story from his point of view or from the view of another character, in this film he is talking from his point of view almost like an audience member. This narration reminds me of the narration in The Big Lebowski (1998) where the narrator has an outside view and talks about the situation at hand. The film has a Classic Narrative Structure because it follows a set of rules, it confines to the three act structure I have included a picture which shows a brief example of the three act structure. The film develops over a 3 act structure by firstly setting up an Inciting Incident (Limes fake death) then the film moves on to plot point one, (Martins meeting Limes wife) following that it moves onto act two and reaches the midpoint. Plot point two (where Martins sees Lime alive) then moves onto act three where the climax of the film is reached (where Lime is killed for real) the film has then passed though all the three act structure. 2Mise en scà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ne are widely used throughout the film but I will just talk about it during the extract that we are analyzing, the extract starts with lots of shots of the city Vienna and the different zones created by the war so the shots of the city are already creating meaning toward the situation that the city is in. Then regarding set design Martins goes looking for lime and finding out that he is dead Martins is in a very old fashioned house where you can see a person changing the candle lights and you can tell that the house is very elaborate conveying to the audience that the house and whoever owns the house is relatively well off. 3The use of rear projection in films is a way to film in an exotic location and keep stars from traveling and its more economical. In this film there is a scene where there is a rear projector in use, this sometimes is used to create meaning in films and in others it is just used to save money and in this film the use of real action shots isnt really required. It doesnt really create meaning but is used to supplement the films use of mise en scene. Martins then goes to the funeral following the bar scene, in the bar scene I noticed that the camera angles have been tilted maybe trying to create a meaning of the state of the mind of both Martins and Calloway being inebriated. Also I think that the locations are used to dramatic effect in the way all the locations seem to be very dressed up and none of the sets look very lived in and the feeling that they give to me is of a nice set that was created and not an actual place that was used. The interiors in the extract for example the bar is quite grand like the house the design of the walls and interior features also convey to the audience the part of town they are in is a rich part of town. When the camera angle changes and tilts the audience can see behind Holly that the bar is very nice and stylish. Also in this bar you can see the sort of punters that it attracts when Holly starts to kick off and the officer grabs him, portraying to the audience that even the nicest bars usual punters are affected by the war. The war effort is apparent and you can tell that the war is massively affecting the story because when Martins and Calloway go for their drink together and they fall out because of the comments Calloway make about Lime the officer steps in almost right away. Plus the officer is kind of a contradictory character because as soon as he finds out that Martins is a famous author his attitude towards him change right away. 4One of this films main characteristic is that it is film noir. It is typical of films from the forties and fifties to have film noir as one of its main features of those films and The Third Man is no exception with its low key lighting and shadows. In the extract the use of film noir is apparent when we get to the scene when Martins goes to find Lime and he is at the bottom of the stairs talking to the German man his shadow is massive and it makes it apparent that Martins is below and the light is coming from above where the German man is changing the lighting. Here is another example from the film where the lighting and camera angle is shot from above, in this particular moment it is trying to make the officer look bigger and more of an authoritative figure. This is a screen shot that I have taken from the bar scene where I noticed the use of the Venetian blind effect that is so typical of the film noir period. This in particular creates meaning in that you can tell the time of day it is and maybe the way that the effect is used would lead the viewer to think that something dark or mysterious would happen. Lighting in the extract that we are studding is used to dramatic effect in certain scenes with the use of shadows to create meaning to the audience. Some noticeable parts where lighting is used very well are in the very beginning in the bar scene where they are sat drinking and the use of three point lighting is apparent because the back is light and both of the characters are light with key lighting. The use of this three point lighting makes a contrast between the subject that is being filmed and the background giving it a more three dimensional effect. Now talking about sound in the extract, I am going to start by talking about the non diegetic sound that is used. This in its first instance would be the sound of the opening music of the guitar. This music is played for quite a while into the beginning and even after the narrator has stopped talking you can still hear the music in the background, I think that this music is played as a complement to the narrator because it is relaxed and it makes the beginning introduction easier to listen to. The use of diegetic sound in this film much like in the film Written on the Wind (1956) is used to create suspense in the situation like in Written on the Wind you can hear the door slam open and the wind blowing in, in the scene where Kyle Hadley comes back. The use of this sound creates a sense of drama and suspense. In our extract you have the beginning where Martins gets off the train and you hear the train steam let go and gets ready to enter the city. Creating lots of meanings for example the use of steam could be interpreted as him letting go of his past and starting a fresh. I have noticed that the use of smoke in this extract may convey different meanings as a part of mise en scene Calloway smokes in the bar creating massive clouds of smoke creating shadows complementing the film noir theme. In conclusion I have noticed that this extract is a piece of cinema that uses film noir to create lots of meanings to the audience and does so well. All the uses of mise en scene and cinematography complement this story and have created a very easy well made film to watch for all of its audiences.

Economics 2 questions-u7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics 2 questions-u7 - Assignment Example Depreciation of euros because of the increase in financial capital influences the European net export. To this end, import becomes expensive and export become cheap (Krugman, and Wells 123). This led to increase in export and decline for imports. The resulting net export is favorable, as exports, shall outweigh imports. The European Union will experience surplus in the current account. Labor productivity can be improved through education and training to employees. To this end, workers increase their knowhow and effectiveness. This improves the quality of service delivered thereby improving productivity. Technology can improve labor productivity. A well-equipped worker with necessary equipments can deliver services more effectively and efficiently compare to unequipped worker. Technology eases the time and efforts employed by worker in delivering service (Krugman, and Wells 167). The above diagram assumes increasing opportunity cost between the two goods. The increase in labor productivity increases the production of the two goods. Therefore, the production possibility curve shifts outward as shown